When performing a task alone, humans achieve a certain level of performance. When humans are assisted by a tool or automation to perform the same task, performance is enhanced-- augmented. Recently developed cognitive systems are able to perform cognitive processing at or above the level of a human in some domains. When humans work collaboratively with such "cogs" in a human/cog ensemble, we expect augmentation of cognitive processing to be evident and measurable. This paper shows the degree of cognitive augmentation depends on the nature of the information the cog contributes to the ensemble. Results of an experiment are reported showing conceptual information is the most effective type of information resulting in increases in cognitive accuracy, cognitive precision, and cognitive power.

Computers are quickly gaining on us. Artificial systems are now exceeding the performance of human experts in several domains. However, we do not yet have a deep definition of expertise. This paper examines the nature of expertise and presents an abstract knowledge-level and skill-level description of expertise. A new level lying above the Knowledge Level, called the Expertise Level, is introduced to describe the skills of an expert without having to worry about details of the knowledge required. The Model of Expertise is introduced combining the knowledge-level and expertise-level descriptions. Application of the model to the fields of cognitive architectures and human cognitive augmentation is demonstrated and several famous intelligent systems are analyzed with the model.

Ever since humans fell out of trees we've been creating tools to help us survive. One of the most important of those tools was writing. As our brains and species evolved up to today and the arrival of homo Sapiens, so too did our use of tools. Things are about to get a bit messier now though. As we became an agrarian society, we developed tools for farming.

Neurotechnology: an assembly of methods and instruments that enable a direct connection of technical components with the nervous system [1], so that people can understand the brain and various aspects of consciousness, thought, and higher order activities in the brain. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI): devices which detect and quantify features of brain signals that indicate the user's intentions and to translate these features in real-time into computer commands that accomplish the user's intent. Electroencephalography (EEG): an electrophysiological monitoring method to record brain signals (by means of electrical activity) via electrodes placed on the scalp surface. Han Berger's 1924 discovery of electrical activity in the human brain using EEG opened the door to the future development of brain-computer interfaces as we know today. The term "BCI" (Brain-Computer Interface) was first officially coined by UCLA Professor Jacques Vidal in 1973 in the first peer-reviewed publications on this topic.

Legal is one of the industries faced with a huge potential impact through the advent of AI. AIBusiness.org met with Counselytics Founder Jason Gabbard in New York City, one of the most exciting start-ups in this space. Counselytics client Gavin Solotar, Partner of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz stated that'Counselytics is the first truly significant innovation I've seen in the legal field since word processing'. We call ourselves a cognitive augmentation company rather than an artificial intelligence company. The notion with cognitive augmentation is that while we may not have true thinking machines (ie, true AI), we do have really powerful and sophisticated technologies that people can utilize to perform their jobs more intelligently and more efficiently.